Examining the history of slavery in the American South, it is impossible to separate the interpretations of Christianity from the arguments and counter-arguments surrounding liberation. In Tools of Control or Seeds of Liberation, Iain Whyte considers how this intertwining of ideologies impacted enslaved people and their relationship to religion. Tracing the legacy of the reformed tradition from its enthusiasm for 'instruction for all', to the weakening of views on injustice by slave-holding Christians, Whyte explores in detail the dilemmas, compromises, and self-interest of many Reformed Christians. He considers the essential incompatibility of faith in Jesus with the support of slavery, and how the movement for abolition in the mid-eighteenth century focussed Christians on this question. In the second half of this book, Whyte concentrates on the voices of enslaved people, recording first-hand experiences of religion and its connection to slavery, exploring how remarkable women such as Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth liberated themselves, and returning to Scotland with Frederick Douglass to consider the Scottish protestant reaction. Whyte's detailed study considers the intertwining of religion and slavery from every angle, and ultimately explores how Christianity could provide the seeds of liberation.



by By Iain Whyte



Introduction 1. John Knox and the Reformation Roots 2. New World Presbyterians - Slavery and Caution 3. The Dilemmas of Some Princetonians 4. Rebellion and Reaction 5. Paternalism and Colonialism 6. Evangelism and Slaveholding 7. Religion in the Memories of the Enslaved 8. Against the Odds: Self- Liberated Female Leaders in a Man's World. 9. Black Presbyterian Leaders in Cooperation and Conflict 10. Visiting the Reformation Roots 11. In the End of the Day