Weird Sisters

Witches in medieval fiction were linked with otherworlds – heaven, hell or fairyland. By the later sixteenth century, as witchcraft prosecutions gathered pace, fictional witches were connected more firmly to the Devil and to hell. Writers then began undermining this by treating witchcraft as a topic of ridicule; threatening magic was replaced by harmless folklore.

This book analyses fictional and imaginative writings about Scottish witches between about 1450 and 1750. It places literary witches in their historical context, comparing them with real people who were prosecuted and executed for witchcraft in this dark period of Scotland's past. It turns out that literary witches are often very different from historical ones: most are comical characters, and some are not even human.

The phrase 'weird sisters', familiar from Shakespeare's Macbeth, originated in Scotland, and there is a detailed discussion of the meaning of the phrase and connections between the 'Scottish play' and Scotland itself. Many of Scotland's famous Renaissance poets and dramatists wrote about witches, including William Dunbar, Sir David Lindsay and Alexander Montgomerie, and their work is also explored. By the end of the book, the discussion turns to Robert Burns's 'Tam o' Shanter' (1791) in which literary witches are fantasy fiction – as they have remained.



Julian Goodare is Emeritus Professor of History, University of Edinburgh, and director of the online Survey of Scottish Witchcraft. His books include The European Witch-Hunt (2016). His co-edited books include Demonology and Witch-Hunting in Early Modern Europe (2020), with Rita Voltmer and Liv Helene Willumsen, and The Supernatural in Early Modern Scotland (2020), with Martha McGill, which was runner-up for the Folklore Society's Katharine Briggs Award in 2021.