Scaffolding is a powerful tool for learning. It enables learners to achieve deep and meaningful learning through the provision of timely and constructive support. It is used as required, just-in-time, to bridge learning gaps, advance learning objectives, and build self-confidence throughout the learning community.



Closely aligned to the concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), scaffolding is a key element in learning languages and other subjects across the curriculum.



This publication is about scaffolding which supports learning languages, learning about languages, and learning through languages (Halliday). By providing students with these tools for learning, the teacher can step back and truly become a 'guide on the side' whilst conducting and facilitating teaching through powerful learning environments.



The 101 scaffolding techniques found in this book, alongside the templates in the digital annex, provide the reader with hands-on ideas and examples to develop innovative, exciting and empowered learning.



Donna Lee Fields Ph.D. is a New Yorker, living in Valencia, Spain. She is a Professor of Education at the International University of Valencia, La Florída, Catarroja, a teacher-trainer for international organizations, and has published globally on innovative teaching and student-centred learning. For the past 5 years she has collaborated with David Marsh, creator of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning), through Educluster Finland, University of Jyväskylä Group.



Acknowledgements

Prologue

Introduction

101 SCAFFOLDING TECHNIQUES FOR LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

Scaffolding techniques for reading

Identifying academic language

Scaffolding techniques for videos

Scaffolding techniques for ELT, ESL, EMI, EFL classes

Expressions of politeness